Effects of and preference for conditions of token earn versus token loss

Effects of and preference for conditions of token earn versus token loss.

The effects of earning and losing tokens on the disruptive behavior of 12 first-grade students were evaluated under symmetrical contingencies of earn and loss. Both contingencies produced decreases in disruptive behavior. For some participants, more consistent decreases were observed during the loss contingency. In addition, participants generally earned or kept more tokens during the loss cont...

the effects of cooperative versus individual directed reading thinking activities on students inferential and referential questions

two groups of students were assigned as experimental and control ones, and were given instruction on directed reading-thinking activities and after some treatment, they were post-tested. although the initial pre-test did not show any significant differences, the final post-test result revealed that the cooperative reading comprehension helped the experimental group. the cooperative students’...

Ergodic Effects in Token Circulation

We consider a dynamical process in a network which distributes all tokens located at a node among its neighbors, in a round-robin manner. We show that in the recurrent state of this dynamics (i.e., disregarding a polynomially long initialization phase of the system), the number of particles located on a given edge, averaged over an interval of time, is tightly concentrated around the average pa...

Token and taboo: behavior modification, token economies, and the law.

Strategies for Token Monitoring

Monitoring distributed computations provides a practical way of learning about and coming to understand a class of applications that are becoming increasingly common. The beneets of distribution arise from processes cooperating together to achieve a common goal. Coordination among the processes is a fundamental ingredient for the cooperation to occur both correctly and eeciently. One common for...